تضادهای قومی: تدوین یک شاخص جامع فرهنگی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران، تهران، ایران

2 دکتری جامعه‌شناسی، پژوهشگر مسائل اجتماعی ایران، تهران، ایران

3 گروه علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه پیام نور تهران، ایران

چکیده

درحالی‌که جریان غالب جامعه‌شناسی و نیز علوم سیاسی بیشتر بر نهادها، کنشگران نخبه و دخالت‌های خارجی برای تبیین تضادهای قومی/مذهبی متمرکز بوده است، جامعه‌شناسی فرهنگی و جامعه‌شناسی فرهنگ، دریچه‌ای دیگر به این پدیده گشوده و نقش عوامل فرهنگی و نظام ارزشی را در بروز و ظهور آن برجسته می‌­کند. اما بررسی چرایی این پدیده از منظر فرهنگی مستلزم وجود معیاری دقیق برای سنجش آن است که بتواند ارتباط نظام فرهنگی و ارزشی جوامع و تحولات مربوط به آن را با بروز تضادهای قومی- مذهبی بسنجد.
در این پژوهش، داده‌های ارزشی و نگرشی مورد پالایش نظری و آماری قرار گرفت. علاوه بر آن، در یک بررسی نظام‌مند طولی ده‌ساله، ارتباط تجربی این شاخص فرهنگی با تضادهای قومی/مذهبی روی‌داده در سراسر جهان سنجیده شد.
در دور اول این مطالعۀ طولی 81 کشور-جامعه و در دور دوم 93 کشور و درنهایت، با تجمیع تمام نمونه‌ها، ارتباط نظام فرهنگی/ارزشی و تضاد بررسی شد. یافته‌ها از انسجام «شاخص تضاد» مرکب از چهار عامل بنیادی دربرگیرندگی گروهی، عدم تساهل، مردانگی و احساس برگزیدگی حکایت می‌کنند.
نتایج نشان می‌دهد شاخص تضاد توانسته است بخش قابل‌توجهی از کنشگری‌های مبتنی بر قوم و مذهب بر علیه دیگری یا بین دولت و گروه‌های قومی/مذهبی را تبیین کند. آزمون رگرسیون حاکی از آن است که حدود 40 درصد از تغییرات تضاد سطح کشوری با فرهنگ تضاد قابل‌پیش‌بینی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Ethnic Conflicts: Developing a Comprehensive Cultural Index

نویسندگان [English]

  • Azad Namaki 1
  • Mohammad Fazeli 2
  • Yaghoub Ahmadi 3
1 Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 PhD in Sociology, Researcher of Iranian Social Issues. Tehran, Iran
3 Department of Social Sciences, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

In the prevailing currents of sociology and political science, the primary emphasis has traditionally leaned towards the examination of institutions, elite actors, and foreign interventions as explanatory factors for ethnic and religious conflicts. However, cultural sociology and the sociology of culture have introduced an alternative perspective, providing an additional lens through which to understand this phenomenon. These branches of study underscore the significance of cultural factors and value systems, shedding light on their pivotal role in the genesis of such conflicts. However, investigating the causal relationship between the cultural and value systems of societies and their respective developments with ethnic-religious conflicts requires a precise standard to measure it.
Value and attitude Data underwent both theoretical and statistical refinement. Furthermore, a comprehensive ten-year longitudinal study systematically examined the empirical relationship between the cultural index and ethnoreligious conflicts. The initial phase of this longitudinal investigation involved 81 countries, followed by an expanded sample of 93 countries in the second round. Finally, through the aggregation of the entire dataset, the relationship between the cultural index and ethnoreligious conflicts was thoroughly measured.
The findings indicate the cohesion of the conflict index comprised of four foundational cultural factors—embeddedness, intolerance, masculinity, and the sense of being chosen.
Results reveal that this conflict index has demonstrated the capacity to elucidate a substantial portion of activism rooted in ethnicity and religion, whether directed against the other or manifested in conflicts between the government and ethnic/religious groups. The regression analysis indicates that approximately 40 percent of the variations in country-level conflicts can be predicted by the cultural factors inherent in the conflict index.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Conflict Culture
  • Cultural Index of Conflict
  • Ethnic

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مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران
دوره 13، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 50
بهار 1403
فروردین 1403
صفحه 17-33

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