The Situation of Types of Capital in Generational Sustainability of Family Farming System

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Professor, Department of Social Development Studies, University of Tehran

2 Professor of Sociology at Payam Noor University

3 PhD in Sociology, Department of Social Development Studies, University of Tehran

Abstract

Results of the most conducted studies in the case of family farming system in Iran implies the economic instability of these units and, thus, the recognition of stability fields of these units has become one of the important matters that attracted the focus of researchers and planners. Regarding this issue, and while government policy and bias is more targeted towards large-scale operation units, the main question is that what factors have contributed to the resilience of family farming in the study covered area. To answer the research question, the conceptual space derived from Bourdieu’s social theory was used to provide a different sociological analysis of the reproduction mechanisms and survival of the family farming system. Data were collected using semi-structured interview technique with members of the 14 farmer families (35 interviews), and for data analysis, the qualitative content analysis strategy “the method of deductive category application” and the hypothetical coding technique were used. In the data analysis phase, the MAXQDA 2018 quality data analysis software was used and its “intercoder agreement” toolbar was utilized to increase the reliability. Findings analysis shows that members of the farmer families use various forms of economic, cultural, social, and symbolic capital to survive operation units, in which the role of symbolic capital is remarkable. The transformation of various forms of capital, together with the strategies for reproduction and re-conversion, ultimately leads to continuity (survival, transformation), or the end of the unit’s activity. Results reinforce the assumption that we must consider the element ‘family’ when investigating the family farming system. In fact, this paper, studying how to help all people involved in the business (farmer family members) to maintain a family-owned business, rather than concentrating solely on the role of the unit’s chief (based on literature review in Iran), shows that in the family farm field, different levels of people’s capital are used in ways that preserve the family farming system, and relationships between family members can also be affected by the different levels of capital. By increasing awareness of the function of various people’s capital, the family operation unit can make more use of these funds, especially if the use of capital is beneficial to the ‘transformation’ of family agriculture.

Keywords


  • ازکیا، مصطفی و غفاری، غلامرضا (1388)، جامعه‌شناسی توسعه و توسعه‌نیافتگی روستایی ایران، تهران: اطلاعات.
  • ایروانی، هـوشنگ و دربان‌آستانه، علیرضا (1383)، «اندازه‌گیری، تحلیل و تبیین پایداری واحدهای بهره‌برداری (مطالعة موردی: گندم‌کاران استان تهران)»، مجلة علوم کشاورزی ایران، شمارة 1: 39-52.
  • بانک بین‌المللی برای بازسازی و توسعه (1389)، کشاورزی برای توسعه، ترجمة هوشنگ ایروانی و حجت ورمزیاری، تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
  • بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی اصفهان (1386)، طرح هادی روستای قودجان، حوزة معاونت عمران روستایی، دفتر امور فنی و تهیة طرح‌ها، مشاور: حمید احمدی دستجردی.
  • حریری، نجلا (1384)، اصول و روش‌های پژوهش کیفی، تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی.
  • سگالن، مارتین (1393)، جامعه‌شناسی تاریخی خانواده، ترجمة حمید الیاسی، چاپ ششم، تهران: نشر مرکز.
  • سیدمن، استیون (1391)، کشاکش آرا در جامعه‌شناسی، ترجمة هادی جلیلی، تهران: نشر نی.
  • شیخی، عبدالمجید (1385)، «برآورد زیان‌های اقتصادی واحدهای بهره‌برداری خرد و سنتی، همایش نظام بهره‌برداری خرد و دهقانی»، در مجموعه مقالات همایش نظام‌های بهره‌برداری خرد و دهقانی، معاونت ترویج و نظام بهره‌برداری، وزارت جهاد کشاورزی: 32-34.
  • طالب، مهدی (1384)، جامعه‌شناسی روستایی، تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
  • کتابچة راهنمای مکس‌کیودا 11 (1396)، مکس‌کیودی‌ای 11، هنر تجزیه و تحلیل متن: کتابچة مرجع کاربران برای ویندوز، ترجمة یحیی علی بابایی و همکاران، تهران: انتشارات علمی و فرهنگی.
  • کرباسی، علیرضا و نودهی، مبارک (1385)، «بررسی ارتباط بین اندازه مزارع و بهره‌وری تولید کشاورزی در ایران»، مجموعه مقالات همایش نظام‌های بهره‌برداری خرد و دهقانی، معاونت ترویج و نظام بهره‌برداری، وزارت جهاد کشاورزی: 42-44.
  • گرنفل، مایکل (1389)، مفاهیم کلیدی پیر بوردیو، ترجمة محمدمهدی لبیبی، تهران: نشر افکار.
  • مرکز آمار ایران (1382)، سرشماری عمومی کشاورزی، https://www.amar.org.ir
  • مرکز آمار ایران (1393)، سرشماری عمومی کشاورزی، https://www.amar.org.ir
  •  مرکز آمار ایران (1395)، سرشماری نفوس و مسکن، https://www.amar.org.ir
  • مطیعی لنگرودی، سید حسن؛ سوری، فرشاد و چراغی، مهدی (1395)، «تحلیل پایداری رابطه میان نظام بهره‌برداری خانوادگی و امنیت غذایی در نواحی روستایی دهستان غنی بیگلو زنجان»، پژوهش‌های جغرافیای انسانی، شمارة 1: 197-209.
  • ·    مطیعی لنگرودی، سیدحسن و همکاران، (1389)، «تحلیل پایداری نظام‌های بهره‌برداری زراعی خانوادگی و تعاونی‌های تولید روستایی (مطالعة موردی: شهرستان آق‌قلا)»، فصلنامة تحقیقات اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی ایران، شمارة 3: 323-333.
  • نیکدخت، رضا؛ کرمی، عزت‌اله و احمدوند، مصطفی (1386)، «واکاوی مقایسه‌ای پایداری در نظام‌های دامداری سنتی؛ مورد مطالعه: دامداران شهرستان فیروزآباد»، علوم و فنون کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، شمارة 41: 433-441.
  • واکوانت، لویک (2002)، پیر بوردیو؛ در:استونز، راب (1379)، متفکران بزرگ جامعه‌شناسی، ترجمة مهرداد میردامادی، تهران: نشر مرکز.
  • وثوقی، منصور (1390)، جامعه‌شناسی روستایی، چاپ چهاردهم، تهران: انتشارات کیهان.
    • Barnard, H.  et al. (1990), “Conclusion: Critique”, In: An Introduction to the Work of Pierre Bourdieu: The Practice of Theory, edited by R. Harker, C. Mahar, and C. Wilkes. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
    • Beckhard, R., and Dyer, W. G. (1983), “Managing Change in the Family Firm: Issues and Strategies”, Sloan Management Review, No. 24: 59-65.
    • Bertaux, D., and Thompson, P. (2005), Between Generations: Family Models, Myths and Memories, 2nd ed., Transaction Publications, Edison, NJ.
    • Bourdieu, P. (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • Bourdieu, P. (1984), Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, Translated by Richard Nice. London: Routledge, Kegan Paul.
    • Bourdieu, P. (1986), The Forms of Capital, In J. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, (pp. 241–58). Greenwood, NY: Greenwood Publishing Group.
    • Bourdieu, P. and L. L. J. Wacquant. (1992), A Invitation to Reflexive Sociology, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
    • Boys, K. A., Ollinger, M., and Geyer, L. L. (2015), “The Food Safety Modernization Act: Implications for U.S. Small Scale Farms”, American Journal of Law and Medicine, No. 41: 395-405.
    • Boys., K. A. and Hughes., D. V. (2013), “A Regional Economics-Based Research Agenda for Local Food Systems”, journal of Agriculture Food Systems and Community Development, No. 145: 145-150.
    • Burton, R. J. F. (2004), “Reconceptualising the ‘Behavioral Approach’ in Agricultural Studies: A Socio-Psychological Perspective”, Journal of Rural Studies, No. 1: 359-371.
    • Carlson, A. (2008), “Agrarianism Reborn: On the Curious Return of the Small Family Farm”, Intercoll. Rev, Vol. 1, No. 43: 13-23.
    • Chirico, F., and Nordqvist, M. (2010), “Dynamic Capabilities and Trans- Generational Value Creation in Family Firms: The Role of Organisational Culture”, International Small Business Journal, No. 5: 487-504.
    • Clarke, E. (2000), “The Role of Social Capital in Developing Czech Private Business”, Work, Employment and Society, No. 3: 439-458.
    • Comstock, G. (1987), Is There a Moral Obligation to Save the Family Farm? Iowa State University Press, Ames.
    • Conger, R. et al. (1994), Families in Troubled Times: Adapting to Change in Rural America. In: Social Institutions and Social Change, Transaction Publishers.
    • Constance, D. H. et al. (2014), Economic Concentration in the Agrifood System: Impacts on Rural Communities and Emerging Responses, In: Bailey, C., Jensen, L., Ransom, E., Morgantown, W.V. (Eds.), Rural America in a Globalizing World, West Virginia University Press.
    • Curry, D. et al. (2002), Farming and Food a Sustainable Future, Report of the Policy Commission on the Future of Food and Farming, Available at: http://cabinetoffice.gov.uk/farming
    • Dimaggio, P. (1979) “Review Essay: On Pierre Bourdieu”, American Journal of Sociology, 84: 1460–1474.
    • Dinapoli, Th. P., (2015), The Importance of Agriculture to the New York State Economy, New York State Comptroller, US. http://osc.state.ny.us/reports/ Importance_Agriculture_Ny.Pdf (Accessed 2 June 2015)
    • Dyer, W. G. Jr. and Dyer, W. J. (2009), “Putting the Family Into Family Business Research”, Family Business Review, No. 3: 216-219
    • Dyer, W. G. Jr., and Dyer, W. J. (2009), “Putting The Family Into Family Business Research”, Family Business Review, No. 3: 216-219.
    • FAO (2014), Innovation in Family Farming, Are Available on the FAO Website http://fao.org/publications
    • FAO. (2013b), International Year of Family Farming 2014. Master Plan, Rome Available at http://fao.org/fleadmin/user_upload/iyff/docs/ Final_Master_Plan_IYFF_2014_30-05.Pdf)
    • Farmer, J. R., and Bertz, M. E. (2016), Rebuilding Local Foods in
      Appalachia: Variables Affecting Distribution Methods of West Virginia Farms
      , J. Rural Stud. 45, 34e42.
    • Field, J. (2003), Social Capital, Routledge, New York, NY.
    • Furstenberg, F. (2005), “Banking on Families How Families Generate Social Capital”, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 67 No. 4: 809-821.
    • Garnham, N., and Williams, R. (1980), “Pierre Bourdieu and the Sociology of Culture: an Introduction”, Media, Culture and Society, No. 34: 209–223.
    • Gasson, R., and Errington, A. (1993), The Family Farm Business, CAB International, Oxon
    • Gasson, R., Errington, A., and Tranter, R. (1998), Carry on Farming a Study of How English Farmers Have Adapted to the Changing Pressures on Farming, Wye College Press, Ashford.
    • Gersick, K. E. et al. (1997), Generation to Generation: Lifecycles of Family Business, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
    • Grant, M. J. (2002), Down and out on the Family Farm: Rural Rehabilitation in the Great Plains, 1929-1945, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
    • Gray, M. (2013), Labor and the Locavore: The Making of a Comprehensive Food Ethic, University of California Press, Berkley.
    • Jenkins, R. (1992), Pierre Bourdieu, Routledge, London.
    • Lin, N. (2001), Social Capital a Theory of Social Structure and Action, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    • Lobley, M. et al. (2002), Implications of Changes in the Structure of Agricultural Businesses, Research Report Prepared for DEFRA, University of Plymouth, Plymouth.
    • Mahar, C., Harker, R., and Wilkes, C. (1990), The Basic Theoretical Position, PP. 1–25 in an Introduction to the Work of Pierre Bourdieu: The Practice of Theory, Edited by R. Harker, C. Mahar, And C. Wilkes. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
    • Martin, C., Martin, L., and Mabbett, A. (2002), SME Ownership Succession – Business Support and Policy Implications, Knowledge Management Centre, Business School, University of Central England, Birmingham, Available at:
    • MAXQDA 12 Reference Manual, (2014), Available at: http://maxqda.com
    • Raedeke, A. H. et al. (2003), “Farmers, The Practice of Farming and the Future ofAgroforestry: An Application of Bourdieu’s Concepts ofField and Habitus”, Rural Sociology, No. 68, Vol. 1: 64–86
    • United States Department of Agriculture, (2014), Selected Charts 2014: Ag and Food Statistics: Charting the Essentials, USDA Economic Research Service. http:// ers.usda.gov/media/1669374/ap067.pdf (Accessed 2 June 2015).
    • Vissa, B., and Bhagavatula, S. (2012), “The Causes and Consequences of Churn in Entrepreneurs Personal Networks”, Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, No. 3: 273-289.
    • Wilkinson, D., and Birmingham, P. (2003), Using Research Instruments: A Guide for Researchers, London: Routledge.