A Semiotic Analysis of Representations of Terrorism in Hollywood, both Before and After 9/11

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Professor, Department of Communication studies, Tehran University

2 PhD Candidate in Communication studies, Tehran university

Abstract

This paper is to analyze the image of Arab Terrorists before and after 9/11 in Hollywood movies.  Whereas since 1990’s, Muslims have been the main subject of the movies with terrorism theme, regarding the 9/11 as one of the most important dates in terrorist attacks in the US history, two movies with the theme of Islamist terrorist attacks produced before and after this date were selected and analyzed. The constructionist approach was employed in representation theory of Stuart Hall as the main theoretical framework. For the research method, the semiotic approach was used based on John Fisk’s triple analysis. Results showed that before 9/11, terrorists have been shown as weak, uninformed and deceived by religion. But after that, they are radical people who commit terrorism acts consciously, and are fully aware of their actions consequences. 

Keywords


  • ستوری، جان (۱۳۸۶)، مطالعات فرهنگی دربارة فرهنگ‌عامه، ترجمة حسین پاینده، تهران: نشر آگه.
  • چندلر، دانیل (۱۳۸۷)، مبانی نشانه‌شناسی، ترجمة مهدی پارسا، تهران: انتشارات سورة مهر.
  • راودراد، اعظم (۱۳۹۱)، جامعه‌شناسی سینما و سینمای ایران، تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
  • سعید، ادوارد (۱۳۷۹)، اسلام رسانه‌ها، ترجمة اکبر افسری، تهران: نشر توس.
  • ـــــــــــ (۱۳۸۶)، شرق‌شناسی، ترجمة عبدالرحیم گواهی، تهران: دفتر نشر فرهنگ اسلامی.
  • سیدمن، استیون (۱۳۸۶)، کشاکش آرا در جامعه‌شناسی، ترجمه هادی جلیلی، تهران: نی.
  • فیسک، جان (۱۳۸۰)، «فرهنگ تلویزیون»، ترجمة مژگان برومند، فصلنامة ارغنون، شمارة ۱۹: ۱۲۵-۱۴۳.
  • فیسک، جان (۱۳۸۱)، «فرهنگ و ایدئولوژی»، ترجمة مژگان برومند، فصلنامة ارغنون، شمارة ۲۰: ۱۱۷-۱۲۶.
  • گیویان، عبدالله و سروی زرگر، محمد (۱۳۸۸)، «بازنمایی ایران در سینمای هالیوود»، فصلنامة تحقیقات فرهنگی، شمارة ۸: ۱۴۷-۱۷۷.
  • مهدی‌زاده، مهدی (۱۳۸۷)، رسانه‌ها و بازنمایی، تهران: انتشارات مرکز مطالعات و تحقیقات رسانه‌ها.
  • Butko, T. (2006), “Terrorism Redefined”, Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice. Vol.18, No.1:145-151.
  • Cettle, R. (2009), Terrorism in American Cinema: at Analytical Filmography 1960-2008, North Carolina: McFarland and Company.
  • Dixon, Wheeler W. (2004), Introduction: Something Lost-Films after 9/11, ED: Dixon, Wheeler Winston, Southern Illinois University Press.
  • Enders, Walter and Sandler, Todd (2005), “After 9/11 Is It All Different Now?”, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.49, No. 2: 259-277.
  • Ewart, J. and Halim R. (2013), “Talking about 9/11: The Influences of Media Images on Australian Muslim’s and Non-Muslims Recollections of 9/11”, Australian Journal of Communication, Vol.33, No. 2: 137-152.
  • Field, A. (2009), “The New Terrorism: Revolution or Evaluation?”, Political Studies Review, Vol.7, No. 2: 125-207.
  • Fine, J. (2008), “Contrasting Secular and Religious Terrorism”, Middle East Quarterly, Vol.15, No. 1: 59-69.
  • Giroux, H. (2004), “Terrorism and the Fate of Democracy after September 11”, Cultural Studies Critical Methodologies, Vol.2, No. 1: 9-14.
    • Hall, S. (1997), The Work of Representation, Representation: Cultural and Signifying Practices, London: Sage.
    • Kurtulus, E. (2011), “The New Terrorism and Its Critics”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol.34, No. 6: 476-500.
    • Muntean, N. (2009), “It Was Just Like a Movie: Trauma, Memory and the Meditation of 9/11”, Journal of Popular Film and Television, Vol.37, No. 2: 50-59.
    • Pettiford, L. and Harding, D. (2003), Terrorism: The New World War, Australia: Arcturus Publishing.
    • Rapoport, David C. (2004), The Four Waves of Modern Terrorism, Attacking terrorism: elements of a grand strategy, Audrey Kurth Cronin and James M. Ludes, Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press.
  • Rasler, Karen &Thompson, William, R. (2009), “Looking for Waves of Terrorism”, Terrorism and Political Violencem, Vol.21, No. 1: 28-41.
  • Rich, B. Ruby (2001), Back to the Future, The Nation: 44-45.
  • Riegler, Thomas (2010), “Through the Lenses of Hollywood: Depictions of Terrorism in American Movies”, Perspective on Terrorism, Vol.4, No. 2: 35-45.
  • Townshend, C. (2002), Terrorism a Very Short Introduction, New York: Oxford UP.
  • Wasko, J. (2003), How Hollywood Works, London: Sage Publication.
  • Wight, Colin (2009), “Theorizing Terrorism: The State, Structure and History”, International Relations, Vol.23,  No. 1: 99-106.
  • Young, A. (2007), “Images in the Aftermath of Trauma: Responding to September 11th”, Crime Media Culture, Vol.3, No. 1: 30-48.