Document Type : Research Article
Authors
1
Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Allameh Tabatabaei, Tehran, Iran
10.22059/jisr.2025.403443.1667
Abstract
The relationship between the state and social forces has been of particular importance throughout contemporary Iranian history, following a trajectory marked by fluctuations and challenges. This article examines and compares the dynamics of selected social forces during the “Reform” and “Justice” periods. The study employs a documentary method, reviewing and analyzing existing sources on the relevant social forces. Active social groups in these periods included students, women, workers, intellectuals, artists, journalists, guilds and bazaaris, teachers, retirees, clerics, elites, and certain ethnic and religious minorities. Among these, students, workers, teachers, and women were selected for closer examination.
The findings indicate that the agency of these social forces in pursuing their demands proved more effective during the “Reform” period than in the “Justice” period. Under Reform, the political environment was more favorable for the organization and activity of social forces, thereby enabling their relative success. Furthermore, consistent with Migdal’s view of the state as a site of contestation and competition among diverse political forces, the Reform and Justice governments were far from monolithic. Rather, they served as arenas of political rivalry, which was reflected in their varying approaches toward different social groups.
The relationship between the state and social forces has been of particular importance throughout contemporary Iranian history, following a trajectory marked by fluctuations and challenges. This article examines and compares the dynamics of selected social forces during the “Reform” and “Justice” periods. The study employs a documentary method, reviewing and analyzing existing sources on the relevant social forces.
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