موسسه مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی دانشگاه تهران
(تاسیس 1337)مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران2322-52549220200621Education and Household Labor in Urban Areas of Iranرابطۀ کار خانگی و تحصیلات زوجین در مناطق شهری ایران2632897691710.22059/jisr.2020.287349.919FAفاطمهترابیاستادیار گروه جمعیتشناسی، دانشکدة علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20190815<strong>Introduction: </strong>Education is considered one of the most important factors influencing population changes, which affects family patterns through cultural changes, increased opportunity costs or a heightened negotiating power. However, the role of education in household division of labor has not been studied at the national level in Iran. In order to fill the existing research gap, this paper examines the association between household labor and spouses’ education. Three main questions are addressed: (1) Is participation in household labor associated with one’s educational attainment? (2) Is participation in household labor associated with the spouse’s educational attainment? (3) To what extent the cultural and economic approaches can be used to explain the association between household labor and spouses’ education?
<strong>Method: </strong>This paper uses data from the 2014-2015 Time Use Survey, representing urban areas of Iran. The survey includes information about socio-economic and demographic characteristics of household members and the time that members aged 15 years or higher spend on different activities. The sample includes 11756 households in which both a wife and a husband reside (including 23512 spouses). Multivariate analysis is conducted using the Tobit regression models, which adjust for censored values or times equal to zero hours in this study.
<strong>Findings: </strong>Women spend on average 5 hours more daily time on household labor than their husbands, suggesting a persistent gender division of roles within family. The findings also show that wives’ higher education reduces their participation in household labor but increases their husbands’ participation in household labor. In addition, there is a positive association between husbands’ education and their as well as their wives’ participation in household labor. Therefore, wives’ experience can be explained by economic approaches but that of husbands is consistent with cultural explanations. It seems that wives’ higher education increases opportunity costs of household labor by creating the opportunity of participating in non-household activities or is used as a source for negotiating a lower share of household labor for wives as opposed to husbands.
<strong>Conclusion: </strong>This paper provided more insight about the role of education in family patterns by documenting gender differences in the association between household labor and spouses’ education and examining inter-spousal influences. Considering the variety of activities categorized under household labor, separate analyses for subcategories can contribute to the existing knowledge and help evidenced-based policy making in population and family areas.تحصیلات یکی از مهمترین عوامل تأثیرگذار بر تغییرات جمعیتی بهشمار میرود. با این حال نقش تحصیلات زوجین در تقسیم کار خانگی در کشور در سطح ملی بررسی نشده است. این مقاله با استفاده از دادههای طرح گذران وقت 1393-1394 مناطق شهری کشور و کاربرد مدلهای رگرسیون تابیت، رابطه کار خانگی با تحصیلات زوجین را بررسی کرده است و نشان میدهد که تفاوتهای جنسیتی فراوانی در این زمینه وجود دارد. براساس یافتهها، افزایش تحصیلات زنان مشارکت آنان در کار خانگی را کاهش میدهد، اما همکاری همسران در کار خانگی را بیشتر میکند. همچنین، تحصیلات شوهران با کار خانگی آنان و همسرانشان رابطهای مثبت دارد؛ بنابراین تجربة زنان با رویکرد اقتصادی و تجربة شوهران با رویکرد فرهنگی قابلتبیین است. بهنظر میرسد تحصیلات بیشتر زنان هزینة فرصت مشارکت در فعالیتهای خانگی را بهکمک ایجاد فرصت مشارکت در فعالیتهای غیرخانگی افزایش میدهد یا منبعی برای چانهزنی بهمنظور کاهش مشارکت آنان و افزایش مشارکت همسرانشان در کار خانگی است. از سوی دیگر، رابطة کار خانگی شوهران با تحصیلات آنان و همسرانشان را میتوان با عوامل فرهنگی، مانند تقویت نگرشهای جنسیتی برابریطلبانه و اهمیت نقش والدینی در شوهران تحصیلکرده مرتبط دانست. با توجه به تنوع فعالیتهای طبقهبندیشده با عنوان کار خانگی، تحلیلهای جداگانه برای این زیرمجموعهها به تعمیق دانش موجود کمک میکند و در جهت سیاستگذاری مبتنی بر شواهد در حوزه جمعیت و خانواده مفید است.موسسه مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی دانشگاه تهران
(تاسیس 1337)مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران2322-52549220200621Social Analysis of Energy Consumption Habits with an Emphasis on Household Gas Consumptionتحلیل اجتماعی عادت مصرف انرژی با تأکید بر مصرف گاز خانگی2913137691910.22059/jisr.2020.295262.992FAزهراپازوکی نژاددانشجوی دکتری بررسی مسائل اجتماعی ایران، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکدة علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه مازندران0000-0001-6092-8802صادقصالحیدانشیار جامعه شناسی محیطزیست، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکدة علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه مازندران000000321082132حسینمحمودیاستادیار مطالعات اجتماعی محیطزیست، گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهیدبهشتیعلی اصغرفیروزجائیاندانشیار بررسی مسائل اجتماعی ایران، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکدة علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه مازندرانJournal Article20190826<strong>Introduction: </strong>One of the mechanisms ensuring the continuity of new behaviors is the creation of new habits. The main purpose of policy interventions, including education or economic incentives, is to create behaviors that are sustainable, such as recycling or optimizing water or energy consumption (gas or electricity) or, more simply, creating positive habits. Social researchers emphasize on the importance of the apparent need for a basic change in mindset and practice of consumption. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the consumption habits of household gas consumers with emphasis on consumption optimization.
<strong>Method: </strong>This study was carried out in Mazandaran province in November 2019. Multi-stage cluster sampling was used to determine the sample size. The sample consisted of 430 household subscribers of Mazandaran Province Gas Company. Survey method was used and a structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. In this research, using AMOS software, a structural model based on the theoretical model was presented to measure the fitness of the theoretical model to the sample data.
<strong>Findings: </strong>Knowledge of gas consumption has shown greatest impact on the habit of gas consumption. After that, there is the awareness of the negative consequences of gas consumption. While family culture has had the most indirect effect on gas consumption habits. Also, there is no significant relationship between income, price of gas, gender and gas consumption. In general, the results of the present study showed that there is a relationship between gas consumption knowledge and gas consumption practice. If we consider the attitude in three dimensions (feeling, knowledge, and behavior), the dimensions of knowledge and emotion in the present study (awareness of the negative consequences of gas consumption) are a good motivation to strengthen gas consumption habits. The environmental knowledge is a dimension of environmental studies, which seek to instill a sense of environmental responsibility by increasing environmental awareness.
<strong>Results & Conclusion: </strong>The goal of changing habits and daily routines in consumption is to provide self-regulated tools or internal control that can be achieved through training and information acquisition. The person must evaluate this information to determine if this information can enable him or her to deal with the threat. In future research, it is better to explain energy consumption habits based on the theory of protection motivation; In particular, the habits expressed in this study are closely related to the issue of safety in consumption. Further research is needed to understand the reasons for the misuse of energy consumption technologies, as the consumer is unaware of the relationship between personal behavior and the direct impact of current habits and behaviors on the environment and energy consumption.یکی از سازوکارهای مؤثر و تضمینکنندة تداوم رفتارهای جدید، ایجاد عادتهای نوین رفتاری است. به همین دلیل، هدف عمدة مداخلات سیاستی، از جمله آموزش یا تأمین انگیزههای اقتصادی، ایجاد رفتارها و عادتهای مثبت در قالب بهینهسازی مصرف انرژی (مثل آب، برق و گاز) بهصورت پایدار است. پژوهشگران اجتماعی بر اهمیت نیاز آشکار برای وقوع تغییر اساسی در طرز فکر و شیوة عمل مصرف تأکید میکنند. هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر، شناخت عادتهای مصرفی مشترکان خانگی گاز با تأکید بر بهینهسازی در مصرف است. این پژوهش در سطح استان مازندران و در آبانماه سال 1398 انجام شد. نمونة آماری را 430 نفر از مشترکان خانگی شرکت گاز استان مازندران تشکیل دادند. روش بررسی، پیمایش بود و از پرسشنامة ساختیافته برای گردآوری دادهها استفاده شد. برای تحلیل دادهها نیز از آمارههای توصیفی و استنباطی استفاده شد. یافتههای این پژوهش نشان میدهد که مشترکان خانگی به بهینهسازی مصرف گاز گرایش دارند. میانگین فرهنگ خانواده، آگاهی از پیامدهای منفی مصرف گاز، آگاهی از سیاستهای مصرف بهینة گاز در ساختمان و اثربخشی شخصی پاسخگویان در سطح خوبی قرار دارد؛ درحالیکه میانگین دانش مصرف گاز و رضایتمندی از خدماتدهی شرکت گاز در سطح متوسط گزارش شده است. علاوهبراین، نتایج تحقیق نشان میدهد که اگرچه بهینهسازی مصرف گاز برحسب شغل متفاوت است، برحسب تحصیلات متفاوت نیست. همچنین عادت به بهینهسازی مصرف گاز با سن همبستگی مثبتی دارد، اما با درآمد خانوار و گازبها رابطة معناداری ندارد. مدل نظری بهوسیلة مدلسازی ساختاری آزمون شد و روابطی که در مدل نظری ترسیم شده بود، اصلاح شد نتایج نشان میدهد که دانش مصرف گاز بیشترین تأثیر مستقیم را بر عادت مصرف گاز دارد؛ درحالیکه فرهنگ خانواده بیشترین تأثیر غیرمستقیم را بر آن دارد. بهطورکلی، نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان میدهد که دانش تأثیر مثبتی بر عادتهای بهینهسازی مصرف گاز دارد.موسسه مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی دانشگاه تهران
(تاسیس 1337)مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران2322-52549220200621Experimental Application of Planned Behavior Theory in Explaining the behavior of keep up with the Joneses of Married Women in Yazdکاربست تجربی نظریۀ رفتار برنامهریزی شده در تبیین رفتار چشم و همچشمانۀ زنان متأهل شهر یزد3153427692010.22059/jisr.2020.294632.984FAسیدعلیرضاافشانیدانشیار گروه تعاون و رفاه اجتماعی دانشگاه یزد0000-0002-2311-3329علیروحانیاستادیار گروه تعاون و رفاه اجتماعی دانشگاه یزد0000-0001-9146-6436عاطفهعبدی نژاددانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد پژوهش اجتماعی دانشگاه یزدJournal Article20191223<strong>Introduction:</strong> Behavior of keep up with the Joneses is driven by a set of socio-cultural factors. The prevalence of this behavior has increased according to statistics and its continuum in society has wide cultural, social consequences. Therefore, the present study has tried to rely on the theory of planned behavior, investigate the causes of behavior of keep up with the Joneses among married women in Yazd.
<strong>Method</strong>: The method we used in this study was a survey; the survey data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire structures was measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and all were above 0.70 percent. The sampling method was multi-stage clusters and the statistical sample was 245 married women of Yazd city who were between 19 and 73 years. In this research the most important variables related to behavior of keep up with the Joneses of married women in Yazd city were evaluated using Ajzen's theory of "Planned Behavior".
<strong>Finding:</strong> The findings of the study showed that the majority of respondents had low behavior of keep up with the Joneses. Behavior of keep up with the Joneses were more common among younger women, but there was no significant difference between mean behavior of keep up with the Joneses in terms of occupation, type of home and area of residence. Women with higher levels of education also had more behavior of keep up with the Joneses; and more years that have passed since their marriage, behavior of keep up with the Joneses was reduced among them, but income variable had no significant relationship with behavior of keep up with the Joneses. The findings also show that the variables of planned behavior theory explain behavior of keep up with the Joneses among married women. Variables of Attitude, subjective norms, and intent on behavior of keep up with the Joneses had a significant positive relationship with behavior of keep up with the Joneses (P <0.001); and the relationship between perceived behavioral control by behavior of keep up with the Joneses was reversely meaningful (P <0.001). The results of regression analysis showed that the variables of this study explain 25.1% of the changes in behavior of keep up with the Joneses among married women and two variables of perceived behavioral control and intent on behavior of keep up with the Joneses had a significant effect behavior of keep up with the Joneses.
<strong>Results & Conclusion</strong>: In general, the obtained results confirm the propositions of the theory of planned behavior and show that, as the theory of planned behavior suggests, intent on behavior of keep up with the Joneses and perceived behavioral control lead to the occurrence of behavior of keep up with the Joneses. But according to the findings, Contrary to Ajzen's prediction, the perceived behavioral control variable had no indirect effect through intent on behavior in individuals, and this theory hypothesis is not confirmed. In this research, intent on behavior of keep up with the Joneses has been strongly influenced by individuals 's attitudes; that is, individuals who have a positive feeling about the consequences of their behavior of keep up with the Joneses, they showed a stronger intention to do behavior of keep up with the Joneses. According to the study, as Ajzen's predicted, individuals, despite their positive attitudes and subjective norms (variables of rational action), are confronted with factors (perceived behavioral control) that prevent them from engaging in behavior; and this assumption of theory was also confirmed. In addition, the mentioned variable (perceived behavioral control) was able to predict individual’s behavior more than intention as an independent variable in the theory of reasoned action.پژوهش حاضر با تکیه بر نظریة رفتار برنامهریزیشده، چرایی وقوع رفتار چشم و همچشمانه را در میان زنان متأهل شهر یزد بررسی کرده است. روش پژوهش، پیمایش و ابزار جمعآوری دادهها، پرسشنامة محققساخته بوده است. درمجموع، 245 نفر از زنان متأهل شهر یزد در سال 1398 به شیوة نمونهگیری خوشهای چندمرحلهای انتخاب شدند و به پرسشنامه پاسخ دادند. نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد میانگین رفتار چشم و همچشمانة زنان متأهل شهر یزد کمتر از متوسط است. همچنین یافتهها بیان میکند متغیرهای نظریة رفتار برنامهریزیشده بهخوبی رفتار چشم و همچشمانه را در میان زنان متأهل تبیین میکند. نتایج تحلیلهای رگرسیونی نشان میدهد متغیرهای این پژوهش، 1/25 درصد از تغییرات رفتار چشم و همچشمانه را در میان زنان متأهل تبیین میکند و دو متغیر کنترل رفتاری درکشده و قصد رفتار چشم و همچشمانه تأثیر معناداری در وقوع این رفتار دارد. در حالت کلی، نتایج بهدستآمده، گزارههای نظریة رفتار برنامهریزیشده را تأیید میکنند و نشان میدهند همانگونه که نظریة رفتار برنامهریزیشده مطرح میکند، قصد رفتار چشم و همچشمانه و کنترل رفتاری درکشده به وقوع رفتارهای چشم و همچشمانه منجر میشوند.موسسه مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی دانشگاه تهران
(تاسیس 1337)مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران2322-52549220200621An Analysis on the Trend of Social Demand for Studying in “Higher Education” Academic Majorتحلیل روند تقاضای اجتماعی برای تحصیل در رشتة دانشگاهی «آموزش عالی»3433717692210.22059/jisr.2020.300942.1054FAاصغرزمانیعضو هیئتعلمی مؤسسة پژوهش و برنامهریزی آموزش عالیمهتابپورآتشیعضو هیئتعلمی مؤسسة پژوهش و برنامهریزی آموزش عالیJournal Article20191123<strong>Introduction:</strong>The accepted social demand in higher education academic major plays an important role in providing the specialized human resources of the society in different educational levels and especially, in master and PhD level, in terms of produce and disseminate science, solving the problems of the higher education system and the country. Therefore, with an analysis of the process of accepting social demand in this field, it will be possible to respond appropriately to these demands. Also, it will be useful for policy making and planning regarding the efficiency and effectiveness of higher education and measuring and accepting students based on Ministry of Science, Research and Technology needs.
<strong>Method:</strong>This study is an applied research. The aim was to analyze the trend of social demand for studying in higher education academic major. The statistics of all accepted social demands in the field of higher education in all educational levels including PhD, master, bachelor and associate degrees with different orientations, from the establishment of this academic major (academic year 2012-2013) was studied. Data collection was used documentary and library studies, and the statistics used were obtained from the Institute for Research and Planning in Higher Education. The method of analysis was the analysis of the content of the documents (secondary analysis).
<strong>Findings:</strong>The findings indicated that the highest number of accepted demand in the associate degree and bachelor degree were in 2008-2009. Also, the highest number of accepted demand in the master degree was in 2011-2012 and the highest number of accepted demand in was 2017-2018. From the academic year of 2013-2014 (until 2018-2019), the number of PhD students has always been significantly higher than the other academic levels. In all years of admission, the number of males was more than females. According to the statistics of the trend of accepting social demands and also, the statistics of graduates of this academic major in master and PhD degrees, it is estimated that there will be 154 master graduates and 118 PhD graduates. In other words, there will 154 theses and 118 dissertations in this field, each of those has been written on various practical topics.
<strong>Discussion: </strong>What can be assessed from the study of the accepted social demand trend in associate degree is the isolation of higher education institutions. Therefore, due to the relatively long interval between two periods of student admission at this academic level, the role of superior institutes is highlighted. Because course titles and their acceptance capacity is determined by policy makers in this field, such as Student Assessment and Admission Council and so on. Therefore, it can be said that in our country, the accepted demand in this major and at this level has been based more on the decisions of policymakers than the real social demand of individuals to choose this academic major. Also, the trend of admission for bachelor degree indicates that the social demand is not taken into account in accepting students of this major; rather, other criteria and indicators for attracting and accepting students have been considered. It is necessary to pay attention to the role of higher education institutions in creating, constructing and guiding the social demand of individuals to continue their education. According to ascending trend of accepting PhD student, it will be expected that a large number of specialized human resource with higher and postgraduate education enter to the country educational system and to produce and disseminate specialized science and knowledge in this field. Since in the master degree in this major, in most years, especially since 2011, the most accepted social demand has always been related to females; it was expected that in PhD level, the accepted social demand for females be higher than for males. But in real this has not been occurred. This issue can be based on various factors, and this would be due to personal, cultural, family and social issues related to females' tendency to pursue their study in this academic major. One of the consequences of the decrease in females demand for studying PhD degree in this major will be seen on recruiting faculty members, maintaining the gender composition of professors in this field, and managerial positions in higher education.تقاضای اجتماعی پذیرفتهشده در رشتة آموزش عالی در مقاطع مختلف تحصیلی در تأمین نیروی انسانی متخصص از حیث تولید و گسترش علم، حل مسائل و مشکلات نظام آموزش عالی کشور بسیار مهم است؛ از اینرو پژوهش حاضر با هدف تحلیل روند تقاضای اجتماعی برای تحصیل در رشتة دانشگاهی «آموزش عالی» انجام شده است. بر همین اساس، آمار همة تقاضاهای اجتماعی پذیرفتهشده برای تحصیل در رشتة آموزش عالی در مقاطع و گرایشهای مختلف (جامعة مدنظر) از زمان تأسیس رشته (سال تحصیلی 1381-1382)، بررسی و تحلیل شده است. روش جمعآوری اطلاعات بهصورت بررسی اسنادی و مطالعات کتابخانهای و آماری و روش تحلیل اطلاعات بهدستآمده تحلیل محتوایی است. یافتههای پژوهش حاکی از آن است که از سال تحصیلی 1392-1393 به بعد (تا سال 1397-1398) همواره تعداد دانشجویان مقطع دکتری بسیار بیشتر از دانشجویان مقاطع دیگر بوده و در همة سالهای پذیرش نیز تعداد مردان بیشتر از تعداد زنان بوده است؛ درحالیکه در مقطع کارشناسی ارشد در این رشته در بسیاری از سالها از جمله از سال ۱۳۹۰ تاکنون همواره بیشترین تقاضای اجتماعی پذیرفتهشده مربوط به زنان بوده است که انتظار میرفت تا در دورة دکتری نیز تقاضای اجتماعی پاسخدادهشده به زنان، بیش از مردان باشد، اما عملاً اینگونه نشده است. یکی از پیامدهای کاهش تقاضای اجتماعی این رشته در دورة دکتری از سوی زنان، ترکیب جنسیتی اعضای هیئتعلمی این رشته به نفع مردان و پایداری این ترکیب در سمتهای مدیریتی آموزش عالی کشور در درازمدت خواهد بود.موسسه مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی دانشگاه تهران
(تاسیس 1337)مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران2322-52549220200621Culture Industry & Television in Iran (Case Study of “Mahe Asal (Honey Moon)” Program)صنعت فرهنگ و تلویزیون در ایران: تحلیل انتقادی برنامۀ «ماه عسل»3733927692310.22059/jisr.2020.285721.905FAفرزادغلامیدکتری ارتباطات اجتماعی دانشکدة علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه تهران0000-0002-0728-3889عبداللهبیچرانلواستادیار ارتباطات اجتماعی دانشکدة علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه تهران0000-0002-1266-9671Journal Article20190719<strong>Introduction:</strong> Media materials and contents are one of mediations which provide interpretations on a society. Thus the programs of Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) like Mahe Asal (Honey Moon) are proper mediation to interpret and understand Iranian Society. The question is; what characteristics of Iranian society have been reflected in Mahe Asal (Honey Moon)? This paper is to analyze the programming approach of IRIB, based on the culture industry theory. On the literature review, the approach of Frankfurt School toward modern capitalism, culture industry theory and their approach toward mass media, especially television has been described.
<strong>Method: </strong>In this paper, according to the nature of the research problem, a qualitative method has been chosen. By following Adorno approach to analyze a popular TV program, the qualitative content analysis has been used<strong>. </strong>The research is focused on “Mahe Asal (Honey Moon)” Program which has been released during 2013 to 2018. To analyze the program by applying the theoretical or purposive sampling, the episodes of the mentioned program have been analyzed by qualitative content analysis. According to the research goals, the episodes of mentioned program produced in 2013 and 2018 were selected as research case studies. Every 60 episodes of programs released in the mentioned 2 years were analyzed. Every selected programs were watched fully and their content were analyzed based on the selected method.
<strong>Finding</strong>:The main results of research include: misreporting the real needs (individualizing the structural problems), making the rationality instrumental, declining the human to the object level to achieve the goal, propagation of compromise and deferring to the economic situation (hailing and sentimentalizing the poverty) and commercializing ethic and religious values. The mentioned categories have been critically interpreted.
<strong>Results & Conclusion: </strong>The research results show that considering the spread of neoliberal and capitalism values in Iranian society and economy, the television despite alleging to criticize capitalism, but in fact is integrated with capitalism and consumerism values. Thus according to internal critique logic, the dominance of capitalism values on IRIB programs prevents it to realize its` goals such as turning into public university. So IRIB, especially the television organization has to produce TV Programs based on religious values and Just-based approaches which led to formation of Islamic Republic of Iran. These approaches are contradictory to capitalism approaches.
<strong> </strong>مقالة حاضر درصدد تحلیل رویکرد برنامهسازی سیمای جمهوری اسلامی ایران بر مبنای نظریة صنعت فرهنگ است. در ادبیات نظری پژوهش، رویکرد مکتب فرانکفورت به سرمایهداری مدرن، نظریة صنعت فرهنگ و رویکرد آن به رسانههای جمعی، بهویژه تلویزیون تبیین شده است. سپس برای منطق تحلیل از روش تفکر دیالکتیکی و قرائت توأمان امر جزئی و امر کلی، با درنظرداشتن رویکرد نقد درونی در نظریة انتقادی و توجه به رویکرد سلبی مکتب فرانکفورت به فرهنگ استفاده شده است. نمونة مورد مطالعة این تحقیق، برنامة ماه عسل شبکة 3 سیمای جمهوری اسلامی ایران در سالهای 1392 تا 1397 است. در تحلیل برنامه، به روش نمونهگیری نظری و هدفمند، قسمتهایی از این برنامه با روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی تحلیل شدهاند. براساس تحلیل یافتهها مهمترین رویکردهای این برنامة تلویزیونی عبارتاند از: تحریف نیازهای واقعی (فردیکردن مسائل ساختاری)، ابزاریسازی خرد (تقلیل انسانها به شیء برای رسیدن به هدف)، ترویج سازش و تمکین در برابر شرایط اقتصادی (ستایش و رمانتیزهکردن فقر) و تجاریکردن ارزشهای اخلاقی و دینی. سپس این مؤلفهها تفسیر انتقادی شدند. براساس یافتههای پژوهش با درنظرگرفتن حاکمبودن ارزشهای الگوی نئولیبرال و سرمایهدارانه بر اقتصاد و جامعة ایران، تلویزیون نیز با وجود ادعایش دربارة انتقاد از نظام سرمایهداری، پیوندی وثیق با ارزشهای سرمایهداری دارد؛ بنابراین میتوان گفت براساس منطق نقد درونی غلبة ارزشهای سرمایهداری بر برنامههای سیما مانع تحقق و تمهید اهدافی از قبیل تبدیلشدن به دانشگاه عمومی است.موسسه مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی دانشگاه تهران
(تاسیس 1337)مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران2322-52549220200621Interpretation of Social Intolerance from the Perspective of Academic Elites and the Presentation of a Theoretical Modelتفسیر نابردباری اجتماعی از منظر نخبگان دانشگاهی و ارائۀ مدل نظری3934217692410.22059/jisr.2020.294979.996FAطوبیزمانیدانشجوی دکتری بررسی مسائل اجتماعی ایران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران مرکزیعلیرضامحسنی تبریزیاستاد دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه تهرانعبدالرضاشاهمحمدیعضو هیئتعلمی گروه جامعهشناسی، دانشگاه آزاد، واحد تهران مرکزیJournal Article20200106<strong>Introduction:</strong> The twentieth century has attracted the attention of many researchers and policymakers in terms of the volume and extent of violence and oppression. Social inequality is one of the social issues that, if intensified and learned, endangers the cohesion of society. As a multicultural land, Iran is exposed to violence and inhumanity if it does not provide favorable social conditions for dialogue and understanding. This article seeks to explore and interpret sociology and the subjects' interpretation of the analysis of social inequality.
<strong>Method:</strong> Using the paradigmatic approach of Strauss and Corbin, And considering that the present article seeks to understand and define social infertility from the data obtained from knowledgeable subjects (graduate and doctoral students and university professors), therefore, purposeful and theoretical sampling has been adopted to achieve it. The study used a semi-structured interview technique to gather information. Data saturation and theoretical saturation and adequacy of sample size were obtained with 21 interviews. Categories and concepts were extracted from the text of the interviews using open source coding and then central coding. These concepts of open coding, re-categorized and re-combined, and finally adopted by selective coding, with the construction of conceptual discipline and the connection of the main categories in the form of Strauss and Corbin paradigms, and a paradigm model that was achieved. Be able to identify important elements and factors in explaining the phenomenon in question and finally connect them to each other.
<strong>Results</strong>: The present paper, with the aim of interpreting social ineffectiveness, achieved a paradigm model that interprets the mentality of actors regarding the conditions, strategies and consequences of social inefficiency. Findings indicate two types of action and structural approaches to social inequality factors.
<strong>Discussion:</strong> In adopting each strategy, a number of contextual factors (action and social structure), intervening (discrimination and injustice at the community level and the prevalence of degrading discourse) and causal conditions (action factors including demographic and sociological variables) And structural factors, including intermediate and macro levels, have played a role. Finally, the adoption of action strategies (public education and focus on civil society) has had dual mental / objective consequences. All of these factors are interconnected and illustrated in a paradigm model.
<strong> </strong>نابردباری اجتماعی از جمله مسائل اجتماعی است که در صورت تشدید و فراگیری، انسجام جامعه را به مخاطره میاندازد. مقالۀ حاضر به روش نظریۀ دادهبنیاد، به تحلیل نابردباری اجتماعی از منظر نخبگان دانشگاهی میپردازد. دادهها به روش نظریۀ دادهبنیاد از طریق مصاحبه با نخبگان دانشگاهی بهدست آمد. در نوشتار حاضر، با هدف تفسیر نابردباری اجتماعی به مدلی پارادایمی دست یافتیم که تفسیرکنندۀ ذهنیت کنشگران در خصوص شرایط، راهبردها و پیامدهای نابردباری اجتماعی است. یافتهها از دو نوع رویکرد کنشی و ساختاری در خصوص عوامل نابردباری اجتماعی حکایت دارند. در اتخاذ هریک از راهبردها، چند عامل زمینهای (کنش و ساختار اجتماعی)، مداخلهگر (تبعیض و بیعدالتی در سطح جامعه و شیوع گفتمان تحقیر) و شرایط علی (عوامل کنشی اعم از متغیرهای جمعیتشناختی و جامعهشناختی و عوامل ساختاری اعم از سطوح میانی و کلان) نقش داشتهاند که اتخاذ راهبردهای کنش (آموزش عمومی و تمرکز بر جامعۀ مدنی) پیامدهای دوگانۀ ذهنی-عینی را دربرداشته است. مجموع این عوامل در یک مدل پارادایمی به هم ربط داده شدند و به تصویر کشیده شدند.موسسه مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی دانشگاه تهران
(تاسیس 1337)مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران2322-52549220200621Actional Space within the Family and Marital life Satisfaction (Case Study: Married Women in Urmia)فضای کنشی درون خانواده و رضایت از زندگی زناشویی (مورد مطالعه: زنان متأهل شهر ارومیه)4234477692510.22059/jisr.2020.300513.1050FAافشارکبیریدانشیار جامعهشناسی دانشگاه ارومیه0009-0002-9442-130Xرقیهخاکپوردانشجوی دکتری جامعهشناسی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی زنجانJournal Article20200208<strong>Introduction:</strong> Following the developments and changes in the structure of human societies, the institution of the family has not been spared from these changes. Marital dissatisfaction has now become a social problem that harms the institution of the family and gradually leads society to a critical state and to the point of disintegration of values. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of action space within the family on women's marital satisfaction. According to Parsons and Chelbi's theory of social order, the action space of the family is measured in terms of similarity, harmony, harmony and empathy. Due to the importance and role of marital life satisfaction in family strength and health and social order, despite the implementation of various studies in this field, it is necessary to pay attention to this issue in order to reduce conflicts and problems and improve and increase life satisfaction. The present study seeks to answer the following questions. What is the level of marital satisfaction among married women in Urmia? How much is the satisfaction of married life affected by the action space within the family?
<strong>Method:</strong> This research is correlational in nature, applied in terms of purpose, and survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population of this study was married women of Urmia city and family analysis unit and individual observation unit. Based on Cochran's formula and simple random sampling method, 380 married women of Urmia city were selected as the sample. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was used by modifying Enrich and Olson's marital satisfaction questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed using a formal content method. The questionnaire was provided to experts and professors of social sciences after compilation, and their opinions on each item were collected and applied in the final design of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability of the items. After collecting the data with the questionnaire, the information was analyzed by SPSS software.
<strong>Finding:</strong> The variables of ideological similarity, counseling in decisions, women's power in the family, feeling of security in the family, respect for women in the family, non-interference of others, husband's cooperation in household chores, trust in marital relations, feeling of role and dialogue Husband and wife entered the model using the Enter method. Eventually, the variables of the couple's dialogue with each other, respect for the woman in the family, consultation in decisions and a sense of security in the family remained in the model, and these variables were able to explain 0.36 of the variance of life satisfaction.
<strong>Results & Conclusion</strong>: Descriptive empirical findings show that marital satisfaction has been moderate to high among respondents and is more favorable. Analytical results suggest that family health and coherence depend on the simultaneous provision of a minimum of similarity sense, togetherness, harmony and empathy. If one of these dimensions is not provided, disorder in the family. The results of regression analysis showed that the structure of the action space within the family has a significant effect on women's marital satisfaction and has increased the satisfaction of marital life by changing the family's action space from similarity and togetherness to harmony and empathy.بهدنبال تحولات و تغییرات روبهرشد در ساختار جوامع بشری، نهاد خانواده نیز از این تحولات مستثنا نمانده است. در زمان حاضر ناسازگاری زناشویی به مسئلهای اجتماعی تبدیل شده است که به نهاد خانواده آسیب میرساند و بهتدریج جامعه را به وضعیت بحرانی و تا مرز متلاشیشدن ارزشها میکشاند. هدف از این مطالعه تأثیر فضای کنشی درون خانواده بر رضایت از زندگی زناشویی زنان است. فضای کنشی خانواده براساس نظریة نظم اجتماعی پارسونز و چلبی در ابعاد همشکلی، همبختی، هماهنگی و همدلی سنجیده شده است. براساس شیوة نمونهگیری تصادفی ساده با استفاده از فرمول کوکران، 380 نفر از زنان متأهل شهر ارومیه بهعنوان نمونة آماری انتخاب شدند. اطلاعات نیز پس از جمعآوری دادهها با ابزار پرسشنامه، بهکمک نرمافزار SPSS تحلیل شد. متغیرهای همسانی عقیدتی، مشورت در تصمیمگیریها، قدرت زن در خانواده، احساس امنیت در خانواده، احترام زن در خانواده، دخالتنکردن دیگران، همکاری شوهر در کارهای خانه، اعتماد به شوهر، احساس فشار نقش در انجام نقش و گفتوگوی زن و شوهر با هم، همزمان وارد مدل شدند. درنهایت متغیرهای گفتوگوی زن و شوهر با هم، احترام زن در خانواده، مشورت در تصمیمگیریها و احساس امنیت در خانواده در مدل باقی ماندند و این متغیرها 36/0 از واریانس متغیر رضایت از زندگی را تبیین کردند. نتایج نشان میدهد ساختار فضای کنشی درون خانواده تأثیر معناداری بر رضایت از زندگی زناشویی زنان دارد و با تغییر فضای کنشی خانواده از همبختی و همشکلی به هماهنگی و همدلی، میزان رضایت از زندگی زناشویی افزایش مییابد.موسسه مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی دانشگاه تهران
(تاسیس 1337)مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران2322-52549220200621Semantic Transformation of the Family in the Documents of the Economic, Social and Cultural Development Law of the Islamic Republic of Iranتحول معنایی خانواده در اسناد قانون توسعة اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی جمهوری اسلامی ایران4494747692710.22059/jisr.2020.285560.903FAفضه ساداتحسینیدانشجوی دکتری حقوق زن در اسلام دانشگاه تربیتمدرستقیآزاد ارمکیاستاد دانشکدة علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه تهرانمهریبهاردانشیار دانشکدة علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه تهرانهاجرآذریاستادیار دانشکدة علوم انسانی دانشگاه تربیتمدرسJournal Article20190916<strong>Introduction: </strong>The family is an intermediary institution between the individual and society. In the family institution, the result of individual changes is transferred to the society and individuals are also affected by the changes in the society. Therefore, the family is a valuable element for society. If society and governments ignore the changes of family and members and ignore it in the context of the institutional desire for stability, or if the family don’t pay attention to the goals of society and the state, this institution will be a place of conflict and disagreement between governments and individuals. This research seeks to trace the semantic transformation of the family in the documents of the Economic, Social and Cultural Development Law of Iran after the Islamic Revolution. The reason for choosing upstream documents is the wide scope of policy, as well as the timing of its implementation (five years), which governments will usually be involved in implementing and writing. Therefore, these written documents can be used to examine the meaning of the family from the perspective of the government that wrote the documents, the government that enforces it, and the government that drafts the new development plan, and the differences in attitudes and policies for the family.
<strong>Method: </strong>This study has examined the six published documents of development after the Islamic Revolution using qualitative method and using content analysis method. These documents has fully read, and all clauses related to the family, women, men, children, marriage, divorce, population, etc. were extracted and classified. By re-reading and reviewing the categorized clauses, they provided a context for the abstraction of categories, concepts, and sub-concepts, the traces of which can be identified in the set of development documents.
<strong>Findings: </strong>The findings of this study show that there are three general concepts throughout the six development documents about the family: audience loss, non-determination policy, and attitudes toward family attitudes. Together, these three components create a space to create a balanced family version that means the family serves the goals and policies of government and society. Creating a balanced family means a kind of semantic stability in the family, which is done by neglecting the objective and mental changes of the family, its evolved functions, as well as the role-attitude change of its members (men and women and gender developments).
<strong>Conclusion: </strong>Governments offer their programs, services, and supports to their balanced families. Other forms of family are considered to be a kind of standard deviation from the family level and are not considered by governments, while they may be objectively related to the lived experience of social actors. Therefore, the semantic evolution of the family in the historical course of these documents can be interpreted as the tendency to stability.خانواده نهادی واسط میان فرد و جامعه است. نتیجة تحولات فردی در نهاد خانواده به جامعه منتقل میشود و افراد نیز متأثر از تحولات جامعه قرار میگیرند؛ از اینرو خانواده عنصری ارزشمند برای جامعه است. چنانچه جامعه و دولتها تحولات خانواده و اعضا را درنظر نداشته باشند و به سیاق تمایل نهادی به ثبات آن را نادیده بگیرند، یا خانواده به اهداف جامعه و دولت بیاعتنا بماند، این نهاد محل تعارض و اختلاف دولتها و افراد خواهد بود. این پژوهش در پی ردیابی تصویر تحول معنایی خانواده در اسناد قانون توسعة اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی ایران پس از انقلاب اسلامی است. یافتههای این مطالعه نشان میدهد این اسناد با ایجاد نسخة خانوادة تراز، بهنوعی ثبات در معنای خانواده اعتقاد دارند. به معنای دیگر تغییرات عینی و ذهنی خانواده و اعضای آن از منظر دولتها مورد غفلت قرار گرفته است و آنان برنامهها، خدمات و حمایتهای خود را به خانوادة تراز مدنظر خود ارائه میدهند؛ از اینرو میتوان تحول معنایی خانواده در سیر تاریخی این اسناد را تمایل به ثبات تعبیر کرد. این پژوهش به شیوة کیفی و با استفاده از روش تحلیل محتوا به صورتبندی مضمونی نحوة شکلگیری این ثبات، با بررسی شش سند توسعه پرداخته است.موسسه مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی دانشگاه تهران
(تاسیس 1337)مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران2322-52549220200621The Sociological Analysis of Narratives of Iranian Women Married to Afghan-Iraqi Menتحلیل جامعهشناختی روایت زنان ایرانی ازدواجکرده با اتباع خارجی افغان و عراقی4754957692810.22059/jisr.2020.140857.309FAمنصورهاعظم آزادهدانشیار گروه علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه الزهراخدیجهمظفریکارشناس ارشد جامعهشناسی دانشگاه الزهراJournal Article20190614<strong>Introduction:</strong> For many years, Iran has witnessed the influx of male immigrants from its eastern and western neighbors who entered the country in large numbers. For many different reasons, they decide to marry Iranian girls. Albeit, Iranian women married to foreign nationals do not possess a clear legal and lawful status. On the other hand, even though for these married Iranian women there is a refugee policy in terms of either returning to their homelands with their lawful husbands or to stay in Iran in a wedlock or; husbands leaving them behind and return to their homeland all together, nevertheless, this kind of marriage leave them with so much mental, psychological, economic, cultural and social sufferings. Social exclusion is a multidimensional discipline which covers ranges of economic, social and political concepts. It is defined as the lack of participation in social activities and institutions and the violation of human and civil rights of people involved.
<strong>Method:</strong> The present paper, under the umbrella concept of social exclusion, has dealt with this issue by employing the method of in-depth interview of 35 Iranian women married to Iraqi nationals and 21 Iranian women married to Afghan nationals, ages from 23 to 66 years old conducted in the city of Neyshabur, Iran.
<strong>Findings:</strong> Based on these interviews, we found that the lack of knowledge about the consequences of marrying to a foreign national, poverty and deprivation, are the main reasons for an Iranian woman marrying to a foreign national. Subsequently, by marrying a foreign national, these women would suffer from the feelings of social humiliation, misery and inequality thereof. They get deprived from their civil rights, such that birth certificate is not issued for their children thus, they would not be considered as Iranian nationals. Furthermore, although living in a grave poverty, they are not eligible for receiving any government subsidies and/or allowances.
<strong>Conclusion: </strong>Exclusion and deprivation of a woman married to a foreign national from the time prior to the marriage, living with her parents and after marriage, living in her shared marital life, exclude and deprive her from her social lives. Although exclusion of these women in their childhood period is relatively high in both groups, nevertheless in the case of Iranian women married to the foreign nationals, this amount is much higher. The feeling of humiliation is also higher in the Iranian women married to Afghan nationals than in women married to the Iraqi nationals. The accumulated exclusion and deprivation among the women under study are correlated to the family structure, chronic and inter-generation poverty and their present condition.طی سالهای متمادی، ایران شاهد ورود مهاجرانی از همسایگان شرقی و غربی خود بوده است که به دلایل گوناگون به ازدواج با دختران ایرانی اقدام کردهاند؛ درحالیکه زنان ایرانی ازدواجکرده با اتباع خارجی وضعیت حقوقی و قانونی مشخصی ندارند. از طرفی با وجود سیاست بازگشت پناهندگان در صورت همراهی شوهرانشان در رفتن به مقصد آنها یا با ماندن در ایران و ترک از طرف شوهرانشان درگیر آسیبهای روحی و روانی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی و اجتماعی میشوند و طرد و محرومیت را تجربه میکنند. نوشتار حاضر به این مسئله در فضای مفهومی طرد اجتماعی و به روش مصاحبة عمیق با 35 زن ایرانی ازدواجکرده با تبعة عراقی و 21 زن ایرانی 23 تا 66 ساله مزدوج با تبعة افغان شهرستان نیشابور پرداخته است. براساس مصاحبههای انجامشده، آگاهینداشتن از عواقب ازدواج با اتباع بیگانه و فقر و محرومیت از مهمترین دلایل ازدواج دختران ایرانی برای ازدواج با اتباع افغان و عراقی است. طرد و محرومیت این زنان از قبل ازدواج در خانة پدری و پس از ازدواج در زندگی مشترک، آنها را از زندگی اجتماعی به حاشیه رانده است. روایت این زنان از زندگی خود نشان میدهد که اگرچه مطرودیت دوران کودکی و احساس حقارت و داغخوردگی ناشی از ازدواج با بیگانه در هر دو گروه زیاد است، این میزان در زنان ازدواجکرده با اتباع افغان بهمراتب بیش از گروه دیگر است.موسسه مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی دانشگاه تهران
(تاسیس 1337)مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران2322-52549220200621State Crime; A new Approach to the Analysis of Social Harms (Case Study: Street Children in Tehran)جرم حکومتی؛ رویکردی نوین در تحلیل آسیبهای اجتماعی (مورد مطالعه: کودکان خیابانی شهر تهران)4975187692910.22059/jisr.2020.269235.772FAحسینغلامیاستاد دانشکدة حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه علامه طباطبائینبی الهغلامیدکتری حقوق جزا و جرمشناسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائیJournal Article20191109<strong>Introduction</strong>: Despite the consequences of social harms, however, these harms are usually considered as social issues, not legal-criminal ones, traditionally. The common perception of these harms has led to focus on the reason more than considering governor’s responsibility to create and maintain them. The phenomenon of street children as one of the most important social harms in Iranian society, although it has been considered in various aspects, taking into account the responsibility for the government, is ignored. In recent decades, and under the guise of a so-called Statecrime approach, Statesas criminals, have also been held criminally liable for these damages nowadays. Examining the causes of the creation and continuation of this phenomenon, along with examining the duties and responsibilities of different authorities and institutions in this regard, can be very effective in explaining this issue from the perspective of the State's criminal responsibility.
<strong>Method:</strong> According to the interviews with street children, the research method of this research is qualitative and its sampling has been done purposefully. Despite the fact that after interviewing 61 street children, saturation was achieved due to the similarity between their statements, however, in order to increase the accuracy of the research results, the interview was conducted with the entire research community (100 people).Giving the interviews, then they were analyzed using an open coding method and the results were presented under the etiology of street children.
<strong>Finding: </strong>The findings of the present study, which were obtained by examining the common theories of government crime and study of 100 street children in Tehran, show that poverty (in the concept of not meeting the basic needs of life), family problems (such as separation or Parental differences, physical or verbal violence at home, parental addiction or one of them and so on.), high living costs (especially in the metropolis of Tehran) and children's need for entertainment and freedom are the most important reasons for the street children phenomenon and its continuation. Although none of the interviewees mentioned in their answers the factors of working for other people and being exploited, however, economic exploitation of these children is an issue that can certainly be considered as a factor for the phenomenon of street children.
<strong>Results & Conclusion: </strong>The results of this study indicate that along with the existing reasons for creating the phenomenon of street children, neglect of various institutions and authorities at different levels of decision and implementation, is one of the most important reasons for the development of this phenomenon in Iranian society. Although Iran's penal code is mostly insufficient to respond to perpetrators of government crime, it is still possible to provide minimum responses to these individuals regarding their responsibility to street children.با وجود آثار نامطلوب آسیبهای اجتماعی، این آسیبها معمولاً بهعنوان موضوعاتی اجتماعی و نه حقوقی-کیفری مدنظر قرار گرفتهاند. تلقی رایج از این آسیبها موجب شده است تا بیشترین تمرکز بر چرایی آنها معطوف و از توجه به مسئولیت حکمرانان درمورد ایجاد و تداوم آنها غفلت شود. پدیدة کودکان خیابانی یکی از مهمترین آسیبهای اجتماعی در جامعة ایرانی است که هرچند از جنبههای گوناگون بررسی شده است، درنظرگرفتن مسئولیت برای حکومت و مقامات حکومتی، از جمله موضوعات مغفول در این حوزه است. در چند دهة اخیر و ذیل پذیرش رویکرد موسوم به جرم حکومتی، امروزه برای حکومتها (بهمثابة مجرمان) نیز دربارة آسیبهای اجتماعی قائل به مسئولیت کیفری شدهاند. یافتههای پژوهش حاضر که با بررسی نظریههای رایج ذیل جرم حکومتی و با مطالعة میدانی 100 کودک خیابانی در شهر تهران بهدست آمده است، نشان میدهد که فقر، مشکلات خانوادگی، هزینههای بالای زندگی (بهطور خاص در کلانشهر تهران) و نیاز کودکان به سرگرمی و آزادی، مهمترین دلایل ایجاد و تداوم پدیدة کودکان خیابانی است. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان میدهد در کنار دلایل موجود برای ایجاد پدیدة کودکان خیابانی، غفلت و بیتوجهی نهادها و مقامات مختلف در سطوح گوناگون تصمیمگیری-اجرایی، از مهمترین دلایل ایجاد و تداوم این پدیدة شوم در جامعة ایران است. هر چند مقررات کیفری ایران دربارة پاسخ به مرتکبان جرم حکومتی بسیار ناکافی است، با توجه به مقررات موجود، میتوان پاسخهای حداقلی را برای این اشخاص دربارة مسئولیت آنها در قبال کودکان خیابانی درنظر گرفت.