University of Tehran Press Social Studies and Research in Iran 2588-6355 6 4 2017 12 22 Sociological study of the motives of migration from the university to the hawza Sociological study of the motives of migration from the university to the hawza 551 570 65248 10.22059/jisr.2018.247993.605 FA Seyed Mahdi Etemaidifard University of Tehran Anis Saremi University of Tehran Journal Article 2017 11 15 The main issue of the research is the migration from the university to the hawza. Elite migration is one of the most important issues discussed in this article. Our emphasis in this article is on student immigration from university to the hawza. The goal is to identify the motivations of these individuals and achieving a pattern of their motives. We conducted a qualitative research. We obtained samples of snowball sampling in Tehran and Qom, then We interviewed 23 with episodic interviews. We arrived to a triple typology of their motives. The main core of this is that these students make such choices with three different religious approaches, which are themselves linked to the instrumental motive of profit-centeredness. The first type select the hawza to protect of the traditional forms of religiosity against the replaceable elements in current society. We gave them the title of “religious protector”. The aim of second type is to create a peaceful link between religion and contemporary society's issues. We gave them the title of “religious messenger” . And finally The third type sees religion as a safe haven, Which can be useful to him in achieving social excellence, security, and socio-political benefits. We called them “security seeker”. In the final conclusion, the relationship between these three categories is explained. The main issue of the research is the migration from the university to the hawza. Elite migration is one of the most important issues discussed in this article. Our emphasis in this article is on student immigration from university to the hawza. The goal is to identify the motivations of these individuals and achieving a pattern of their motives. We conducted a qualitative research. We obtained samples of snowball sampling in Tehran and Qom, then We interviewed 23 with episodic interviews. We arrived to a triple typology of their motives. The main core of this is that these students make such choices with three different religious approaches, which are themselves linked to the instrumental motive of profit-centeredness. The first type select the hawza to protect of the traditional forms of religiosity against the replaceable elements in current society. We gave them the title of “religious protector”. The aim of second type is to create a peaceful link between religion and contemporary society's issues. We gave them the title of “religious messenger” . And finally The third type sees religion as a safe haven, Which can be useful to him in achieving social excellence, security, and socio-political benefits. We called them “security seeker”. In the final conclusion, the relationship between these three categories is explained.

https://jisr.ut.ac.ir/article_65248_a1115810691c35d015b7e11da6788e48.pdf

University of Tehran Press Social Studies and Research in Iran 2588-6355 6 4 2017 12 22 Social Capital among the Narcotics Anonymous Members and Their Continuation of Quitting Drugs (A Case Study of Addicts Participating in the NA Association of Mazandaran Province) Social Capital among the Narcotics Anonymous Members and Their Continuation of Quitting Drugs (A Case Study of Addicts Participating in the NA Association of Mazandaran Province) 571 593 65249 10.22059/jisr.2018.215674.417 FA Nader Razeghi Associate Professor of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Ali Asghar Firozjaeian Hadi Ghasemzadeh Journal Article 2017 02 11 This study was aimed to examine the relationship between social capitals among the Narcotics Anonymous (NA) members in Mazandaran province and their quitting process. The population of this study included all members of the NA Association in Mazandaran province. The research sample consisted of 400 persons selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. The method used in this study was the survey method and the data was collected using a questionnaire. Based on the findings of the study, the research hypothesis i.e. “the social capital variables including, social participation, norms of reciprocity, a sense of belonging influence the drug quitting of the NA members” was confirmed. The results obtained from multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that social participation, norms of reciprocity, and a sense of belonging had the highest impact (β=0/297, 0/147, 0/132 respectively) and social trust had the lowest impact (β=0/047) on the continuation of quitting among addicts in the NA Association. The coefficient of determination showed that the independent variables explained 28% of the variance in the dependent variable. Based on these results, it can be concluded that by increasing social capitals, it is possible to discourage tendency towards drug abuse and instead encourage addicts to sustain their efforts in quitting. This study was aimed to examine the relationship between social capitals among the Narcotics Anonymous (NA) members in Mazandaran province and their quitting process. The population of this study included all members of the NA Association in Mazandaran province. The research sample consisted of 400 persons selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. The method used in this study was the survey method and the data was collected using a questionnaire. Based on the findings of the study, the research hypothesis i.e. “the social capital variables including, social participation, norms of reciprocity, a sense of belonging influence the drug quitting of the NA members” was confirmed. The results obtained from multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that social participation, norms of reciprocity, and a sense of belonging had the highest impact (β=0/297, 0/147, 0/132 respectively) and social trust had the lowest impact (β=0/047) on the continuation of quitting among addicts in the NA Association. The coefficient of determination showed that the independent variables explained 28% of the variance in the dependent variable. Based on these results, it can be concluded that by increasing social capitals, it is possible to discourage tendency towards drug abuse and instead encourage addicts to sustain their efforts in quitting.

https://jisr.ut.ac.ir/article_65249_60e28eb943a0ee22dd6eef85c6aab809.pdf

University of Tehran Press Social Studies and Research in Iran 2588-6355 6 4 2017 12 22 Iranian on-foot pilgrims' lived experience in Iraq Iranian on-foot pilgrims' lived experience in Iraq 595 631 65250 10.22059/jisr.2018.231746.517 FA Neda Razavizadeh Journal Article 2017 05 23 از دیرباز و نیز هم‌زمان با رشد گردشگری در دهه‌های اخیر، زیارت و سفرهای زیارتی داخلی و خارجی در ایران یکی از فعالیت‌های مذهبی بوده که از استقبال شایان توجهی برخوردار شده است. زیارت پیاده‌ی اربعین، یکی از اشکال نوظهور سفر زیارتی است که پیش‌تر با این وسعت مورد توجه و اقبال ایرانیان نبوده است. به همین سبب پژوهش‌های تجربی، به ویژه از منظر جامعه‌شناختی در این زمینه انجام نشده یا هنوز منتشر نشده است. مقاله‌ی حاضر با اتکا به رویکرد کیفی و با تحلیل مصاحبه‌هایی که با ۳۶ زائر پیاده‌ی زن و مرد ایرانی در مسیر نجف به کربلا انجام شده، در صدد برآمده ادراک و تفسیر این زائران را از تجربه‌ی زیسته‌ی خود از این سفر واکاوی کند. پس از تحلیل داده‌های کیفی، سه مضمون اصلی شناسایی شد: (۱) تجربه‌ی تعلیق امر مادی، (۲) رنج مقدس؛ به مثابه‌ی مولد معنا ، (۳) برانگیزانندگی عاطفی مناسک جمعی زیارت. این مقولات اصلی شامل شش مقوله‌ی فرعی بودند، از جمله: تعلیق عقلانیت ابزاری، به تعلیق درآمدن نظم سلسله‌مراتبی قشربندی اجتماعی، ادراک امر قدسی و غیبی، چشمداشت پاداش‌، احساس تعلق هویتی به اجتماع مذهبی با بازسازی تجربه‌ی تاریخی رنج‌آلود، اعلان عملی باور به عقیده‌ی مذهبی با بازسازی تجربه‌ی تاریخی رنج‌آلود. مقوله‌ی فرعی «تعلیق عقلانیت ابزاری » نیز خود شامل دو جزء بود: اختیار وانهاده و بازتفسیر امنیت. در انتها این یافته‌ها مورد بحث قرارگرفته و دلالت‌های عملی مرتبط ارائه شده است. از دیرباز و نیز هم‌زمان با رشد گردشگری در دهه‌های اخیر، زیارت و سفرهای زیارتی داخلی و خارجی در ایران یکی از فعالیت‌های مذهبی بوده که از استقبال شایان توجهی برخوردار شده است. زیارت پیاده‌ی اربعین، یکی از اشکال نوظهور سفر زیارتی است که پیش‌تر با این وسعت مورد توجه و اقبال ایرانیان نبوده است. به همین سبب پژوهش‌های تجربی، به ویژه از منظر جامعه‌شناختی در این زمینه انجام نشده یا هنوز منتشر نشده است. مقاله‌ی حاضر با اتکا به رویکرد کیفی و با تحلیل مصاحبه‌هایی که با ۳۶ زائر پیاده‌ی زن و مرد ایرانی در مسیر نجف به کربلا انجام شده، در صدد برآمده ادراک و تفسیر این زائران را از تجربه‌ی زیسته‌ی خود از این سفر واکاوی کند. پس از تحلیل داده‌های کیفی، سه مضمون اصلی شناسایی شد: (۱) تجربه‌ی تعلیق امر مادی، (۲) رنج مقدس؛ به مثابه‌ی مولد معنا ، (۳) برانگیزانندگی عاطفی مناسک جمعی زیارت. این مقولات اصلی شامل شش مقوله‌ی فرعی بودند، از جمله: تعلیق عقلانیت ابزاری، به تعلیق درآمدن نظم سلسله‌مراتبی قشربندی اجتماعی، ادراک امر قدسی و غیبی، چشمداشت پاداش‌، احساس تعلق هویتی به اجتماع مذهبی با بازسازی تجربه‌ی تاریخی رنج‌آلود، اعلان عملی باور به عقیده‌ی مذهبی با بازسازی تجربه‌ی تاریخی رنج‌آلود. مقوله‌ی فرعی «تعلیق عقلانیت ابزاری » نیز خود شامل دو جزء بود: اختیار وانهاده و بازتفسیر امنیت. در انتها این یافته‌ها مورد بحث قرارگرفته و دلالت‌های عملی مرتبط ارائه شده است.

https://jisr.ut.ac.ir/article_65250_7fba059c71187c9c3897449e6fab6729.pdf

University of Tehran Press Social Studies and Research in Iran 2588-6355 6 4 2017 12 22 Sociological Analysis of Lived Experience of Women Infected with AIDS Sociological Analysis of Lived Experience of Women Infected with AIDS 633 660 65251 10.22059/jisr.2018.209182.374 FA Shirin Ahmadnia un Mohammad Javad Zahedi Mazandarani Seyede Zahra Kazemi Nejhad Journal Article 2017 02 07 AIDS is not known just as a disease, and its vector is not just recognized only as a patient. Since the modes of disease transmission include particular behaviors which have been known as negative norms according to the public morals, there are some negative labeling and views toward this disease. So, the patients are labeled as deviant in the society, and they may face discrimination and prejudice from the public. This research aims to study the impacts of the disease and its labels, through the lived experience of the women who have AIDS or are HIV-positive. Data has been collected, applying the qualitative method and the basic theory and the semi-structured interview with positive HIV women, who visited “the association to protect the socially damaged people (revival of values)”. By analyzing the research findings, four factors were found as the main causes for “the patient’s sensitivity to social labeling”, including: “the present negative social attitude toward the disease”, “the immoral ways of disease transmission”, “lack of public knowledge about the transmission ways”, and “the absence of support from family and acquaintances”. Findings show that the labeling related to HIV/AIDS leads to prejudicious behaviors toward these patients, and consequently some problems and concerns for these women. The concerns are physical problems, psychological problems, isolation and depression, financial concerns, worrying about missing the job, stealth at work, rejection and missing friends and family’s support, limited cure availability, worrying about marriage, and limited social interactions. These problems beside the fear from revealing the disease and so the fear from being labeled, lead to decrease the level of life quality among these patients. AIDS is not known just as a disease, and its vector is not just recognized only as a patient. Since the modes of disease transmission include particular behaviors which have been known as negative norms according to the public morals, there are some negative labeling and views toward this disease. So, the patients are labeled as deviant in the society, and they may face discrimination and prejudice from the public. This research aims to study the impacts of the disease and its labels, through the lived experience of the women who have AIDS or are HIV-positive. Data has been collected, applying the qualitative method and the basic theory and the semi-structured interview with positive HIV women, who visited “the association to protect the socially damaged people (revival of values)”. By analyzing the research findings, four factors were found as the main causes for “the patient’s sensitivity to social labeling”, including: “the present negative social attitude toward the disease”, “the immoral ways of disease transmission”, “lack of public knowledge about the transmission ways”, and “the absence of support from family and acquaintances”. Findings show that the labeling related to HIV/AIDS leads to prejudicious behaviors toward these patients, and consequently some problems and concerns for these women. The concerns are physical problems, psychological problems, isolation and depression, financial concerns, worrying about missing the job, stealth at work, rejection and missing friends and family’s support, limited cure availability, worrying about marriage, and limited social interactions. These problems beside the fear from revealing the disease and so the fear from being labeled, lead to decrease the level of life quality among these patients.

https://jisr.ut.ac.ir/article_65251_360f3b7a887121eb32968b3ed1b9d80a.pdf

University of Tehran Press Social Studies and Research in Iran 2588-6355 6 4 2017 12 22 Analysis of Written Media Effects onٌ Employed Women Empowerment Analysis of Written Media Effects onٌ Employed Women Empowerment 661 687 65252 10.22059/jisr.2018.228252.496 FA Houri Kiaei planning advisor Hamid Reza Parsi Ali Akbar Farhangi Journal Article 2017 04 27 This study investigates the effect of written media on empowerment of employed women in social and cultural dimensions. In order to perform this research, documentary and survey methods are used. The survey information was collected via two comprehensive questionnaires. The population in this study consisted of all doctors, nurses, paramedics and female residents of the health centers in Rasht and Anzali and the sample size in this research is 321 persons in the different occupational fields. Moreover, in order to sampling the owners and managers of health service centers, simple random sampling method is used. Based on the results, the written media lack the necessary impact in terms of reflecting empowered women and influencing attitudes, beliefs and cultural patterns of the society and acceptance of women's empowerment in society and employment. And despite the positive attitude of the business owners and leaders toward the employment and empowerment of women, impact and reflection of written media is neutral in this regard. Also, among the three types of written media, print media are the most influential on both knowledge and trust, and attention to the training of cultural empowerment in the context of print media is clearly visible in the print media. This study investigates the effect of written media on empowerment of employed women in social and cultural dimensions. In order to perform this research, documentary and survey methods are used. The survey information was collected via two comprehensive questionnaires. The population in this study consisted of all doctors, nurses, paramedics and female residents of the health centers in Rasht and Anzali and the sample size in this research is 321 persons in the different occupational fields. Moreover, in order to sampling the owners and managers of health service centers, simple random sampling method is used. Based on the results, the written media lack the necessary impact in terms of reflecting empowered women and influencing attitudes, beliefs and cultural patterns of the society and acceptance of women's empowerment in society and employment. And despite the positive attitude of the business owners and leaders toward the employment and empowerment of women, impact and reflection of written media is neutral in this regard. Also, among the three types of written media, print media are the most influential on both knowledge and trust, and attention to the training of cultural empowerment in the context of print media is clearly visible in the print media.

https://jisr.ut.ac.ir/article_65252_6d681a361d019c92a312639177e226a5.pdf

University of Tehran Press Social Studies and Research in Iran 2588-6355 6 4 2017 12 22 Investigating social wellbeing among women using Keyes and Larson’s theories Investigating social wellbeing among women using Keyes and Larson’s theories 689 713 65253 10.22059/jisr.2018.218027.430 FA Amir Rastegar Khaled Masoud Salmani Bidgoli Mohsen Afsharnasab Journal Article 2017 05 15 The article investigates social wellbeing among women using Keyes and Larson’s theories. Social integration, social acceptance, social contribution, social actualization and social coherence dimensions from Keyes and social support and social adjustment from Larson’s frame are extracted. The research uses survey methods. Research census is women in city of Kashan.The work integrates theory and intersectionality perspectives to examine how discrimination affects health at the intersections of gender and city Confirmatory factor analysis shows fitness of Keyes model and explanatory factor analysis demonstrates that Larson’s model is also fit. Chi-square test among social wellbeing and marital status and income is significant, between social wellbeing and education isn’t significant and between social wellbeing and education depends on which of models is used (Larson’s model is significant, but Keyes’s is not). Findings revealed that total sample and multiple group path and confirmatory factor analysis had good fits. Findings underscore the importance of taking into account how multiple identities shape discrimination, social status and social health; they highlight the multiple pathways linking discrimination to health for different Kurd ethnicity subgroupsSecondly, this research examines how religion, gender and city together moderate relations in the overall proposed model.Findings underscore the importance of taking into account how multiple identities shape discrimination, social status and social health; they highlight the multiple pathways linking discrimination to health for different Kurd ethnicity subgroups. The article investigates social wellbeing among women using Keyes and Larson’s theories. Social integration, social acceptance, social contribution, social actualization and social coherence dimensions from Keyes and social support and social adjustment from Larson’s frame are extracted. The research uses survey methods. Research census is women in city of Kashan.The work integrates theory and intersectionality perspectives to examine how discrimination affects health at the intersections of gender and city Confirmatory factor analysis shows fitness of Keyes model and explanatory factor analysis demonstrates that Larson’s model is also fit. Chi-square test among social wellbeing and marital status and income is significant, between social wellbeing and education isn’t significant and between social wellbeing and education depends on which of models is used (Larson’s model is significant, but Keyes’s is not). Findings revealed that total sample and multiple group path and confirmatory factor analysis had good fits. Findings underscore the importance of taking into account how multiple identities shape discrimination, social status and social health; they highlight the multiple pathways linking discrimination to health for different Kurd ethnicity subgroupsSecondly, this research examines how religion, gender and city together moderate relations in the overall proposed model.Findings underscore the importance of taking into account how multiple identities shape discrimination, social status and social health; they highlight the multiple pathways linking discrimination to health for different Kurd ethnicity subgroups.

https://jisr.ut.ac.ir/article_65253_42be949afcf872a4ca67cb1a4f3d17c7.pdf

University of Tehran Press Social Studies and Research in Iran 2588-6355 6 4 2017 12 22 A Qualitative Study of the Barriers and Challenges of Motherhood among Employed Women in Tehran City A Qualitative Study of the Barriers and Challenges of Motherhood among Employed Women in Tehran City 715 734 65254 10.22059/jisr.2018.204488.343 FA Rasol Sadeghi Zahra Shahabi Journal Article 2016 05 13 Abstract Employed women face with a lot of difficulties and challenges in their motherhood process. The employed mothers usually have multiple roles, and they might be under the pressures of all these roles. In this paper, we aim to understand the perceptions and experiences of employed women from the motherhood process and the challenges associated with it. Using the qualitative research and in-depth interviews with 30 highly educated employed and married women, who are between 20 to 40 years old in Tehran city, the data gathered. The collected data has been has been analyzed via a conventional qualitative content analysis approach. The results of research are derived and discussed in four categories including: the difficulty and joyfulness paradox of the motherhood, multiple roles identity of the motherhood, the roles pressures of being both a mother and an employee, and the carrier barriers to the motherhood and childbearing. The findings indicated that employed and educated women experience more difficulties and challenges compared with the other mothers due to having multiple responsibilities as a mother, a wife, an employee and in some cases even as a student. Moreover, these women suffer from lack of necessary social and family supports. In general, despite all the problems that employed women are facing with them, they consider motherhood as an important and valuable concept. However, this value is mainly lead to having only one child due to the job conditions and lack of implementation of policies and support programs for these women. Keywords: women's employment, Role pressure, motherhood, Childbearing, Family friendly policies, Qualitative study. Abstract Employed women face with a lot of difficulties and challenges in their motherhood process. The employed mothers usually have multiple roles, and they might be under the pressures of all these roles. In this paper, we aim to understand the perceptions and experiences of employed women from the motherhood process and the challenges associated with it. Using the qualitative research and in-depth interviews with 30 highly educated employed and married women, who are between 20 to 40 years old in Tehran city, the data gathered. The collected data has been has been analyzed via a conventional qualitative content analysis approach. The results of research are derived and discussed in four categories including: the difficulty and joyfulness paradox of the motherhood, multiple roles identity of the motherhood, the roles pressures of being both a mother and an employee, and the carrier barriers to the motherhood and childbearing. The findings indicated that employed and educated women experience more difficulties and challenges compared with the other mothers due to having multiple responsibilities as a mother, a wife, an employee and in some cases even as a student. Moreover, these women suffer from lack of necessary social and family supports. In general, despite all the problems that employed women are facing with them, they consider motherhood as an important and valuable concept. However, this value is mainly lead to having only one child due to the job conditions and lack of implementation of policies and support programs for these women. Keywords: women's employment, Role pressure, motherhood, Childbearing, Family friendly policies, Qualitative study.

https://jisr.ut.ac.ir/article_65254_cb84ee531b89b444ac7a2700af24f930.pdf

University of Tehran Press Social Studies and Research in Iran 2588-6355 6 4 2017 12 22 Analysis of Individual-Social Problems of transsexuals Analysis of Individual-Social Problems of transsexuals 735 765 65255 10.22059/jisr.2018.219915.441 FA Mahnaz Farahmand Fatemeh Danafar Journal Article 2017 04 08 Analysis of Individual-Social Problems of transsextuals Abstract In all societies, transsexuals due to biological conditions, the display of unconventional behaviors and dominant gender culture in societies experience many problems throughout life. On this basis, the present study was conducted to investigate the the personal and social problems of transgender individuals. This study has tried to investigate transsexual lived experiences in the social- interaction context and using the theory grand which is a qualitative approach. Tested sample were 25 transsexual in Yazd, Mashhad and Tehran who were selected by purposive sampling by kind of snowball, and in-depth interviews were conducted with them and then interviews texts were analyzed using analysis of theoretical coding. The category of "instability of identity" emerged as a major phenomenon. Research findings show that transgender people face negative judgments and stereotypes in their life world, which brings an experience of instability of identity to them. Their action against social problems occur in the form of social isolation, leaving home, interacting with each other. Its outcomes can also be mentioned the increase in deviations, the reduction of individual-social health and the lack of social capital. Keywords: "sex "," transsextual indivituals "," role duality "," individual problems "," social exclusion " Analysis of Individual-Social Problems of transsextuals Abstract In all societies, transsexuals due to biological conditions, the display of unconventional behaviors and dominant gender culture in societies experience many problems throughout life. On this basis, the present study was conducted to investigate the the personal and social problems of transgender individuals. This study has tried to investigate transsexual lived experiences in the social- interaction context and using the theory grand which is a qualitative approach. Tested sample were 25 transsexual in Yazd, Mashhad and Tehran who were selected by purposive sampling by kind of snowball, and in-depth interviews were conducted with them and then interviews texts were analyzed using analysis of theoretical coding. The category of "instability of identity" emerged as a major phenomenon. Research findings show that transgender people face negative judgments and stereotypes in their life world, which brings an experience of instability of identity to them. Their action against social problems occur in the form of social isolation, leaving home, interacting with each other. Its outcomes can also be mentioned the increase in deviations, the reduction of individual-social health and the lack of social capital. Keywords: "sex "," transsextual indivituals "," role duality "," individual problems "," social exclusion "

https://jisr.ut.ac.ir/article_65255_15d3c48308734338589bde5f8722800f.pdf